{"id":2553,"date":"2018-01-13T20:18:16","date_gmt":"2018-01-14T04:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/2018\/01\/13\/homomorphs-list\/"},"modified":"2018-01-14T14:36:08","modified_gmt":"2018-01-14T22:36:08","slug":"homomorphs-list","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/lists\/homomorphs-list\/","title":{"rendered":"h: The Non-Canonical List of Homomorphs"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n\r\n<p>(Last updated: 25 January 1999)<\/p>\r\n<p>To qualify as a homomorph, a word must have at least two meanings with entirely different etymologies, but with the same pronunciation and (for a strong homomorph) as the same part of speech.<\/p>\r\n<p>Most of the items on this list were brought to my attention by Dominus. A few I found on my own; there are also contributions from Arthur and Kendra.<\/p>\r\n<p>Several of the items here have one etymology listed as \"origin unknown\" in the online dictionary I used. I count them anyway, even though it's conceivable that the unknown origin is connected to the known one.<\/p>\r\n<p>I've provided the different-etymology definitions for only a few of these items as yet; eventually I'll provide summary definitions for all of them.<\/p>\r\n<dl><dt>a<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>arbor<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>tree; lattice of vines<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>art<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>painting\/sculpture\/<i>etc.<\/i>; archaic form of \"are\"<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>baggage<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>bail<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>bar<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>barrow<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>baste<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>sew loosely; pour drippings over; beat [sounds like a recipe for something...]<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bear<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>beaver<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>animal; armor<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bill<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>beak; charge<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>boil<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>bubbling state; skin inflammation<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bore<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>hole\/to drill; <a href=\"#noun\">[n]<\/a>wave; <a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>uninteresting\/to weary; <a href=\"#verb\">[v]<\/a>past of 'bear'<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bow<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>boat front; curtsy<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bower<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>anchor [no etym. listed]; bed<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>box<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>fisticuffs [no etym.]; crate<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>bust<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>bosom; explode<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>cant<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>argot; slope (also: tilted; lively (dial. Engl.))<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>chase<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>pursuit; groove; frame<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>chop<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>a stamp; a cut<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>chord<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>combination of tones; line between two points on a curve<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>chuck<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>nudge under chin; cut of meat (&amp; tool holder); wedge; endearment term<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>clap<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>percussive noise; gonorrhea (slang)<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>cleave<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>clove<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>cobble<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>colon<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>compound<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>con<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>cuff<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>part of sleeve; slap\u2014unclear whether these are etym. distinct<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>desert<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>dock<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>dole<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>handout; sorrow (archaic)<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>don<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>drill<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>baboon; cotton cloth; <a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>practice; furrow<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>dub<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>duck<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>fake<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>one def. listed as origin-unknown<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>fallow<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>farrow<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>fawn<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>fence<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>not according to my dictionary<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>filet<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>unclear\u2014one from MF (threadlet), one from F (net), could be same ultimate source<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>flatter<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>hock<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>3 meanings<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>hop<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>hops<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>jade<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>keel<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>barge; stabilizer for ship (distantly related); (dial.) red ocher<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>kennel<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>key<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>ladino<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>pronounced differently, but unusual enough to be interesting<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>last<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>lead<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>leaves<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>departs; foliage<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>lie<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>speak untruth; rest horizontally<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>list<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>lore<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>low<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>something that's not high; moo; flame<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>mail<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>meld<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>mole<\/dt>\r\n  <dd><em>five<\/em> etymologies, plus another w\/different pronunciation! <\/dd>\r\n  <dt>Mosaic<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>one is proper noun, one isn't (no, silly, not NCSA; rather, Moses!)<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>Pandora<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>one is proper noun, one isn't<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>pale<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>to fence in; to become pallid [<a href=\"#uncertain_strength\">*?<\/a> one is vt, one vi]<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>pedology<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>pet<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>plane<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>pool<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>water; betting<\/dd>\r\n  <dt><a href=\"http:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/1998\/01\/12\/bburglar-comments\/\">prize<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>something seized by force; something offered as a reward<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>prop<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>something that props up; stage property; propeller<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>prune<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>to cut off branches; dried plum<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>pry<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>to snoop; to loosen with a lever<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>pulse<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>heartbeat; edible seeds<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>pump<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>water pump; <a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>low-heeled shoe<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>punch<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>punch holes\/punch in the nose (probably related); spiked punch<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>punk<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>decayed wood; <a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>tough kid<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>punt<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>propel a boat by pole; <a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>kick a football; gamble<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>quail<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>quiver<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>rail<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>rake<\/dt>\r\n  <dd><a href=\"#origin_unknown\">[uo]<\/a>to incline; a profligate man (may be related to the tool, via \"rakehell\"); garden tool with tines<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>rape<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>herb; grape pomace; forced intercourse<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>ream<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>riddle<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>ruff<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>ruffle<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>shambles<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>slew<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>smooch<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>kiss; smudge<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>sock<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>stocking; punch (slang)<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>sole<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dt>sound<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>spade<a href=\"#uncertain\">?<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>distantly related via Greek<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>spoke<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>past tense of speak; insert bars into a wheel [<a href=\"#uncertain_strength\">*?<\/a> for tenses?]<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>still<\/dt>\r\n  <dt>taipan<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>foreigner in China; Australian venomous snake\u2014my favorite of those found by Arthur<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>tire<a href=\"#weak\">*<\/a><\/dt>\r\n  <dd>grow weary; wheel covering<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>troll<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>fishing lure; monster<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>venery<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>hunting; love<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>yard<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>three feet; backyard<\/dd>\r\n  <dt>yen<\/dt>\r\n  <dd>yearning; Japanese money. [Oddly, both from Chinese!]<\/dd>\r\n<\/dl><h3>Key<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"weak\">* indicates weak homomorphs (distinct etymologies but different parts of speech)<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"uncertain\">? indicates problematic situations, or items I'm not sure whether to count<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"uncertain_strength\">*? indicates problematic weak\/strong designations (tense differences, for instance, or transitive\/intransitive difference)<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"noun\">[n] indicates noun<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"origin_unknown\">[uo] indicates unknown origin<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"verb\">[v] indicates verb<\/p>\r\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":3107,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2553","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2553"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2553\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3220,"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2553\/revisions\/3220"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kith.org\/words\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}